They describe and explain patterns in terms of distance, direction, density, and distribution. They use spatial concepts, processes, and models as powerful tools for explaining the world at all scales, local to global. Flooded areas in the White Volta catchment of northern Ghana were detected via the JRC Yearly Water Classification dataset, which was generated using Landsat 5, 7, and 8 satellite imagery from 1984 to 2019 (Pekel et al., 2016). This dataset maps the location and temporal distribution of seasonal and permanent surface water over a 38-year period at a spatial resolution of 30 m. For our study, areas classified as seasonal surface water were considered as flooding. For consistency with the temporal coverage of estimated water point potential geographic occupancy, the maximum areal extent of inundation was calculated for three 10-year periods (1991–2000, 2001–2010, 2011–2020) for the White Volta catchment in Ghana.

The toroidal shift null model can also be used to test the independence of the two point patterns, it is applied by keeping pattern 1 unchanged and shifting the whole of pattern 2 by dealing with the study region as a torus . If other pattern properties such as qualitative marks are integrated into the analysis, random labelling (Goreaud and Pélissier 2003; Tables1 and S2) is the suitable null model . It assumes that the pattern points are generated by one process; then, a succeeding process created the marks which are randomly assigned to the points; thus, the null model focuses on the process responsible for assigning labels to points . Several test functions allow testing for random labelling hypothesis and can be used either for uni- or bivariate analysis (Wiegand and Moloney 2014; Table1). When considering quantitative marks, the independent marking remains the suitable null model.

Around the same time, many ancient cultures in China, southern Asia, Polynesia, and the Arabian Peninsula also developed maps and navigation systems used in geography and cartography. Scientists gain insight into a species’ biology and ecology from studying spatial distribution of individuals. The issue is that neighbourhood interactions are not correctly considered at the sample plot boundary when potential neighbours lie outside the plot . Usually, data related to the pattern falling outside the observation window are not available making impossible the determination of plant neighbours located close to the border (Law et al. 2009).

Today, over 50% of the global population lives in urban areas, and water can be directed via tens of kilometres of pipelines. Still, however, a large part of the world’s population is directly dependent on access to natural freshwater sources. So how are inhabited places related to the location of freshwater bodies today? We present a high-resolution global analysis of how close present-day populations live to surface freshwater. We aim to increase the understanding of the relationship between inhabited places, distance to surface freshwater bodies, and climatic characteristics in different climate zones and administrative regions. Our results show that over 50% of the world’s population lives closer than 3 km to a surface freshwater body, and only 10% of the population lives further than 10 km away.

With a mean annual surgical incidence of CE of 12.7 per 100,000 inhabitants, Tunisia is one… Malaria remains a serious global public health problem, and continues to have a devastating impact on people’s health worldwide. Continuous monitoring dean martin nose job and evaluation of current malaria transmission status in d… For instance, if the g function values are lower, higher than, or equal to the confidence envelopes, the pattern is designed as regular, aggregated, or random, respectively .

Geographic or temporal qualifiers are often added, such as in British range or pre-1950 range. The typical geographic ranges could be the latitudinal range and elevational range. For mobile animals, the term natural range is often used, as opposed to areas where it occurs as a vagrant.

Since water points are often incompletely mapped (Yu et al., 2019), potential geographic occupancy was estimated from the raw water point data sets, following a maximum entropy modelling technique widely used in spatial ecology (Phillips et al., 2006). In this study, we chose MaxEnt as the modelling technique for its assumption-free and non-parametric nature, good predictive performance, and open-source user-friendly software. 3) Human intervention, such as thinning, likely leads to negative autocorrelation resulting in the association of small and large trees (Pommerening and Särkkä, 2013). Gradel et al. studied the effect of thinning on tree growth and stand structure and found that tree spatial pattern was mainly aggregated while became regular after thinning. They pointed out that before thinning negative interaction had a strong effect on tree growth while a significant reduction in competition was detected after thinning which promoted an important increase in species growth. Here, the gap dynamic should be taken into account when interpreting management effects particularly for shade-intolerant species.

Because of data availability, systematic review evidence (Albrecht et al., 2018) suggests many water-energy-food nexus studies have been undertaken regionally or nationally, with fewer examples (Nhamo et al., 2020b) at local level. There have also been calls (Chang et al., 2016) to synthesise “bottom-up” and “top-down” studies of trade-offs. Evidence from local case studies are valuable, given that they have been used to validate continental scale quantification of the numbers of people affected by dam construction (Richter et al., 2010).