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Jason’s primary focus had been on office cleaning for large corporations. But in recent months Jason has seen a decline in demand for office cleaning. Surprisingly, the competitive environment appears relatively stable with no new competitors. However, Jason understands that office cleaning is a high-frequency service that is usually performed daily; therefore, competitors must be doing something to attract his customers. Building a competitive advantage seems to be the only option to offset competition.
This can also occur when respondents who are not relevant to the study participate, or when there’s a bias in the way participants are put into groups. Unfortunately, some element of sampling error is unavoidable, but sometimes, it can be predicted. For instance, in the 1936 presidential election between Roosevelt and Landon, the sample frame was from car registrations and telephone directories. The researchers failed to realize that the majority of people that owned cars and telephones were Republicans, and wrongly predicted a Republican victory. Designing a research project takes time, skill and knowledge.
If the population was only 2,000, you would need a sample of 323. When developing a scale/measure or survey, you need to be concerned about validity and reliability. Readers of quantitative research expect to see researchers justify their research measures using these two terms in the methods section of an article or paper. Non-experiments are sometimes called survey designs, because their primary way of collecting data is through surveys. This is not enough to distinguish them from true experiments and quasi-experiments, however, as both of those types of designs may use surveys as well.
Particular individuals are chosen with characteristics relevant to the study who are thought will be most informative. Purposive sampling also may be used to produce maximum variation within a sample. Participants being chosen based for example, on year of study, gender, place of work, etc.
Planning your study is one of the most important steps in the research process when doing quantitative research. As seen in the diagram below, it involves choosing a topic, writing research questions/hypotheses, and designing your study. Each of these topics will be covered in detail in this section of the chapter. Researchers should consider how they neat business cards scanner will ensure that all participants (or parents/guardians of child participants) are provided with the correct prescribed information. Whether the prescribed information is provided in a written format, read out to them or otherwise made available to them will depend on the nature of the project and the usefulness of that format to the participants.